疫情肆虐,撕扯着每个人的心,中小微企业更是饱受重创。好在种种迹象表明,疫情拐点已有些眉目,对“新”生活的期待支撑着我们更积极的“抗疫”。
中国第一季度经济深受疫情影响,未来三个季度如何促进经济恢复成为整个国家的头等大事。不久前,央行安排3000亿元再贷款额度,并且鼓励银行以更低利率发放贷款,为饱受疫情抑制的经济打了一针强心剂,可一则突如其来的消息宛若一盆凉水。
2月11日,路透社援引知情人士消息称,美团点评申请40亿元贷款,部分用于帮助为疫情中心武汉的医务人员提供免费食品和送货服务的融资,引起一阵哗然。
一面是中小微企业嗷嗷待哺,一面是巨头企业“横刀夺爱”。疫情专项贷款本意是拯救数百万、千万嗷嗷待哺的中小微企业,若被巨头们“巧立名目”全部拿去,反而成了助力大鱼“吞噬”小鱼虾米的屠刀。
疫情当前企业善行应被支持,可以“爱心之名”的行“小聪明”之事,总让人难以接受。
抗疫专用贷款刚上线就惹“争议”
中小微企业是一个经济社会稳定的中坚力量,国家统计局数据显示,2018年末中小微企业吸纳就业人员达到23300.4万人,占全部企业就业人员的比重为79.4%。而疫情影响的持续,也正在成为扼杀它们的“病毒”。根据专家预计疫情会在4月前后才会结束,以此来推算,中国将有85%的中小微企业面临“生死存亡”的危机,因为它们现金流大多数都难撑过3个月。
图片来源:中欧商业评论
密切跟踪研判疫情影响的人民银行,近日会同有关部门出台了30项金融支持疫情防控的专门措施,超预期提供流动性支持稳定金融市场,设立3000亿元专项再贷款。这对于因“不可抗力”因素陷入生存绝境的中小企业主,无疑是雪中送炭,站在全社会角度,对于保就业也居功至伟。
可路透社的爆料,犹如一颗巨石丢在湖水之中,激起一片难以抑制的疑问声。路透社援引两位银行消息人士称,包括美团点评、小米、滴滴、三六零、旷视科技等在内的300余家中国企业正寻求总计至少574亿元人民币的银行贷款,以缓解新冠肺炎疫情带来的影响和开展相关肺炎研究工作。该报道称,美团点评申请40亿元贷款,部分用于帮助为疫情中心武汉的医务人员提供免费食品和送货服务的融资。
除了美团引起大家的众怒,其他巨头的理由同样带来很大争议。根据名单显示,小米寻求50亿元人民币的贷款,以生产和销售包括口罩和温度计在内的医疗设备;奇虎360正寻求10亿元人民币的贷款,以购买与医疗相关的产品,并为跟踪和遏制该病毒的应用程序提供资金;旷视申请了1亿元人民币的技术开发资金,其中包括提高对戴口罩人群的识别率。
这些巨头很多都是上市公司,拥有充足的融资渠道,包括美团、小米、360无论营业利润还是现金流储备,动辄都是数十亿、数百亿规模,它们给出的理由大多让人难以信服。大家都知道,疫情专项贷款利润比普通贷款要低,这种做法更引起业界的愤慨。
人民银行2月7日召开电视电话会议透露,专项再贷款资金发放贷款的利率不能超过最近一次公布的一年期贷款市场报价利率(LPR)减100个基点,目前为3.15%,鼓励金融机构以低于贷款利率上限的利率发放贷款。中央财政按企业实际获得的贷款利率贴息50%,确保企业实际融资成本降至1.6%以下。
对于互联网巨头而言,拿到这笔贷款,除了能够“省掉”一点利息,并不足以左右它们的日常运营。可对于中小企业而言,这笔贷款就是生死,抛开利息的高低外,专项贷款也意味着“门槛”更偏向于受灾严重的企业,巨头的“搅局”被业界所非议,也就没什么可奇怪。
几大巨头申请这笔贷款,不仅违背了抗疫专用款设立的初衷,也让本就生存堪忧的中小微企业雪上加霜。
为送餐40亿贷款为何引起大家不满?
2020年新型冠状病毒肆虐全国,百余家互联网企业驰援武汉、抗击疫情,感动着国人,也为全国抗疫提供了难得的帮助。不完全统计,仅BAT就合计成立了16亿元专项基金抗击疫情。它们出钱、出力、出物全方位驰援武汉等地,展现了中国人团结一心,众志成城抗疫的团结一面。
图片来源:网络整理
在这个驰援的“队伍”里,美团、小米、360也是活跃的一员。那么,为何美团为疫情中心武汉的医务人员提供免费食品和送货服务的融资的40亿贷款,引起了大家的不满,触怒了公众的逆鳞呢?
根据美团2019年Q3财报的数据显示,第三季度,美团营收实现275亿元人民币,同比增长44.1%。公司实现经调整净利润19亿元,现金及现金等价物151.4亿元,经营现金流稳健,账面资金很充足。
公开数据显示,截止2月11日,该公司为医护人员免费送餐达到3.6万份。按照每单40元(餐费+配送费)计算,成本在144万左右。即使算上美团设立的2亿元专项公益基金,所有的“善行”都是在力量之内,没有“急迫”到申请专项贷款的地步。
即使如此,也不是业界不满的根本理由,背后还有其他原因。
上市一年多后,美团市值一直徘徊在6000亿港元上下,成为仅次于阿里巴巴、腾讯、超过百度、京东的中国第三大互联网公司。在它的华丽的财报中,金融业务也是亮眼的一块新业务。
早前的美团上市招股书中特别提到,2016年毛利率提升是因为支付及小额贷款业务的快速发展。根据美团的年报,美团小贷业务2018年全年的无抵押应收贷款为39.88亿元,比2017年的17.76亿元,同比增加了124.55%。
据《棱镜》报道,美团在此次救疫中联合金融机构向全国商户提供了100亿贷款,其中第一批面向湖北商户开放,利率在0.05%的常规日利率基础上,面向湖北商户下浮30%,为日利率0.035%(年利率约为12.8%)。申请期间为2月10日至6月30日。
疫情影响下餐饮业深受其害,将是中小微企业现金流断裂的重灾区。美团40亿贷款就充满了争议,要知道百余家互联网企业驰援武汉、驰援全国,却鲜有公司因为“付出了”就要申请这笔款项的意思。以3.6万份免费食品的名义申请贷款,真的仅仅是为了“送饭”吗?背后一定有自己的算盘。
有人指出,这或是左手贷款,右手放款。
国家抗疫专项贷款的3000亿如果直接被中小微餐饮商拿到手里,专项再贷款年利率不高于1.6%,将是一笔利率很低的贷款,这些省下来的钱将会助力它们早日恢复正常的运营情况。可巨头们如果把这笔专项贷款分了,40亿专项贷款先贷给平台,平台再放贷给商户,则就有4亿多的“差价”。
难怪有人质疑美团的目的,这样左手一进,右手一出,就是一笔不菲的“中间利润”。
央行一再呼吁,要确保专项再贷款资金专款专用,防止资金“跑冒滴漏”。有人动“心思”并不可怕,可怕的是有人找“漏洞”,为这个经济恢复计划带来非常多的不确定性,也为中小微企业的命运蒙上了生存阴影。
银行青睐大企业,中小企业更该被关注
2月7日,在北京市金融局的推动下,西贝餐饮集团收到来自浦发银行北京分行的1.2亿元款项。
根据第一财经记者调查了解,一些参与疫情防控配套设施生产的企业,已经享受到相关贷款政策的优惠。一家紧急生产负压救护车的国有汽车制造企业财务高管向记者透露:“虽然我们拿到了政府贷款的优惠,但是很多中小企业融资还是很困难。”
虽然央行三令五申,可大企业仍然更容易拿到贷款。
“日常也好,疫情下也好,我们也理解,银行的放贷标准很大程度上还是取决于企业还贷的风险评估,大企业更容易拿到贷款。“一位上海的医疗器械生产商CEO告诉记者。
如何看待疫情专项贷款的去向,要回溯这一政策的初衷,是为了恢复被疫情影响的经济。中小微企业是在疫情中受灾最重的一方,它们中85%的现金流很难支撑3个月,而且作为消化掉社会八成劳动岗位的贡献者,它们更应该获得这笔款项。
好在,以“爱心之名”垂涎专项贷款的巨头公司并不多,只有几家。5部门出台30条金融举措支持疫情防控;各地也陆续出台了针对中小微企业的扶持政策。
对于巨头公司而言,这“点”钱只是彩头,对于中小微公司而言,就是生死。好在尚没有银行批复以上贷款申请的消息,一切还来得及。
美团奉献了爱心,公众大怒并不是否认它做的善行,而是站在维护整个社会经济的角度。只有社会监督,让专款真的专用,才能真正的发挥它恢复经济这一责任,莫让上有政策下有对策。
巨头也应该“量心而行”,它们找银行进行普通贷款不是难事,其他的融资渠道也五花八门。专项款本就是有利于中小微企业“复产”,非要和中小微企业“抢钱”,无论是站在商业道德还是社会责任方面,都不值得提倡。
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