11月12日,全球AI+智能峰会在上海召开。会上,不少专家学者探讨了AI如何改变教育、如何与教育结合等议题,美国德勤事务所则在会上公布了《2019教育智能化发展报告》。从专家们的议题和报告的数据来看,“AI+教育”的发展状况极佳。
自2016年“阿尔法狗”战胜了顶级棋手李世乭之后,人工智能的热度就迅速增长,AI可以“加”的行业也越来越多,而教育绝对是一大重点。AI的介入解决了许多传统教育中存在的痛点,但过热的境况下,”AI+教育”的发展方向有些“跑偏”。
一、传统教育的痛点,AI能够切实加以解决
在此次峰会上,曾6次获得美国人工智能协会杰出论文奖、主编《美国AI研究20年路线图》的康奈尔大学计算机系教授Bart Selman提出:“人工智能方法将在很大程度上提升教育形态的个性化和自适应”。他提到的“个性化”、“自适应”是人工智能可以在教育领域所达成的目标,同时也从另一个角度反映出了传统教育中存在的痛点。
其实关于传统教育,我们多数人都亲身经历过。当然这个“传统”是相对于AI+教育而言的。在我们的学校教育中,大部分都是“大班制教学”:一个班四五十个学生甚至更多,老师根本就顾不过来。在这种教学模式中,教学效果也受到了很大的影响。
例如老师讲了一道题你没有听懂,但你通常不敢举手去问,就算老师问了一句“还有没听懂的吗”,出于“面子”和从众心理,基本上也不会有人举手。有的人会参照教辅自己解决,有的人会在课后去问同学或老师,但还有相当一部分人不懂也就不懂了,就那样过去了,结果就是知识点没弄明白,考试时丢了分数。
但某些知识没有弄懂,并不能完全归咎于学生,从根源上来讲这是大班教学与“因材施教”之间所产生的矛盾。一个老师带几十个学生,肯定无法面面俱到,更谈不上依据每个学生的特点进行个性化教学了。
这个问题已经持续了几十年,一直没有找到切实有效的解决办法,有的只是在学生时代老师一再强调的“学习要自觉”,但“学习自觉”也并不能从根本上解决这一痛点。
AI的介入则为此带来了希望。
AI可以收集学生在日常学习中产生的各项数据加以分析,精确地向老师反映每个学生对知识点的掌握程度。通过这类数据,老师可以有针对性地给不同的学生布置不同的作业。
在课堂上,有了AI的帮助,老师可以改变传统的授课方式,调取更为丰富的教学资源,以更加生动新颖的方式,最大程度上吸引学生的注意力,让学生对知识点掌握得更牢固。对于不懂的地方,学生可以通过人机对话、双师课堂、拍照搜题等途径查缺补漏,找到知识薄弱点以及盲点,有针对性地进行系统学习。
当然,老师也不是机器人,既要承担繁重的教学任务,还要顾及对每个学生的个性化教育,这确实太为难老师了。AI在这时就又能派上用场,图像识别技术可以极大地减轻老师批改作业和阅卷的负担,语音识别、语义分析技术可以帮助教师对学生进行口语测评、纠正发音,人机交互技术则可以帮助教师为学生答疑。
另外,AI还能阅卷。例如科大讯飞研发的全学科智能阅卷技术已应用到了多次大规模考试中。原本需要耗费巨大人力资源的阅卷工作,通过AI图文识别与文本检索技术,可以做到迅速阅卷,提取并标注出试卷中存在的问题。
在教育管理层面,AI系统可以结合师资力量、教师分配、课程特点帮助学校合理安排课表,并且进行常规的校园管理,为教学管理提供以大数据为基础的建议与决策,从而施行更加科学的管理方式。
目前,这些技术都已应用到了教育领域之中。总的来说,AI的介入使得传统教育领域从数字化向数据化转变,减轻了教师的工作负担,对学生进行个性化分析,提升了学习效率,从而达到最好的教学效果。
AI对教育的重要性,国家也早已意识到。2017年国务院印发的《新一代人工智能发展规划》中就已经强调了要“构建包含智能学习、交互式学习的新型教育体系”,而今年的《中国教育现代化2035》中则提出了“统筹建设一体化智能化教学、管理与服务平台”。
与欧美地区相比,中国的AI教育起步较晚,在技术与数据累积方面稍微落后了一些,但胜在人口基数大且发展迅速,因而颇有“后来居上”的态势。企业、资本的相继入局让“AI+教育”领域变得火热,但过快的速度貌似也让这一领域的前进方向有些“跑偏”。
二、噱头、夸大、侵犯隐私、“AI+教育”方向有点“偏”
政策的支持、技术的进步,加上教育领域本身的受重视程度,“AI+教育”想不火都难。根据CNNIC(中国互联网络信息中心)预测,“AI+教育”到明年将创造出3000亿元的市场规模。在中国,AI教育企业获得投资的次数远超全球其他地区,其中K12领域进入成熟期,外语培训类机构的投资正在扩张,AI素质教育也成为蓝海。
如今“AI+教育”正在逐渐改变着传统的教学环境、方式、师生关系、管理模式等。入局者的增加与资本的催动无疑让这一领域热度更高,然而问题也随之出现。
如今的“AI+教育”机构多集中在K12领域。一些机构打着AI的旗号进行带有夸大性质的,甚至是虚假的宣传。他们宣称如果学校不使用他们的产品,不做“智慧校园”或者不学他们的AI课程就会落伍,学生就无法享受到优质的教育。
对于不想让孩子输在“起跑线”上的中国家长和看重成绩的学校而言,这种宣传不论真假,都极具煽动作用。出于对孩子的关心和害怕被“潮流”抛弃的恐惧,学校和家长往往会选择引进这些机构的产品,或者把孩子送进AI学习班。
然而这些学习班从哪个方面来看都并不那么实惠:价格偏高,一节课就要几百元;与国外的人工智能教学机构相比,教学方法也有待商榷。例如由谷歌工程师创办、扎克伯格投资的Alt School会利用AI技术帮助学生自由探索,让学生自己发现和解决问题。而中国的一些AI教育机构为了提升分数,单纯地让学生去刷题库,并冠以“智能辅助训练”的名号。
然而这并不是“AI+教育”的正确体现。如果只是多了一块屏幕或是在电脑上刷题,那和传统教育中的“题海战术”也没什么不同,最后同样会耗尽学生的学习热情,还让家长和学校花了冤枉钱。
除了片面夸大AI教育的作用,市面上还出现了利用“伪AI”教育产品圈钱的现象:一些所谓的“AI学习机器人”不过是提前预设了程序的玩具;包教包会、几个月就要收取几万元培训费的“人工智能就业培训”其实就是在教编程。
对一些入局者而言,只要“AI+教育”的噱头足够吸引投资方就够了,而不在乎产品和课程是否名副其实。不仅是教育领域,许多领域都存在着“伪AI”现象,阿里巴巴前CEO卫哲甚至断言,目前市面上的“伪AI”比例可能高达90%~99%。
另外,AI在教育领域也存在着“滥用”现象。例如此前引发高度关注的AI监控学生事件,学生的一举一动甚至微表情都会被记录下来,我们之前也有相关文章对此进行了讨论。虽然学生需要教育和管理,但这种AI管理方式已有侵犯隐私之嫌,可能会更大程度地激发学生的叛逆心理,或者产生其他的一些问题。
实际上,这些问题的出现基本上是“AI+教育”在过热的境况之下偏离了正确方向所致。根据以往的经验可以知道,与科技紧密相关的行业一旦被过度关注和追捧,“跑偏”就在所难免。
教育可以成为生意,但做生意也得有底线、讲良心,况且教育行业的重要性远胜于一般行业。有观点认为AI会完全取代传统教育,并以此对“AI+教育”模式进行十分夸张的宣传,以此牟利。而究其根源,是企业和投资方对“AI+教育”的理解略显狭隘,因此偏离了正确的轨道。
三、“AI+教育”范围颇广,没必要只盯着一条赛道
现阶段的“AI+教育”领域看似已成红海,实际上只是因为企业和资本全部集中在了某一个或几个细分领域中,因此赛道才显得格外拥挤。其实除了当前非常火热的K12等领域,AI能够应用到的教育方面的细分领域还有很多。
例如在特殊教育领域,AI技术可以起到实质性的推进作用。北京联合大学特殊教育学院从2016年开始就引进了智能语音识别系统,在课堂上通过手语、口型、文字讲义的配合,确保失聪的学生能够高效准确地接收知识。为盲人学生配备了安装读屏软件的专用电脑,可以听任何电子书籍,并根据语音提示在屏幕上进行相关操作。
在宁夏的贫困地区,一些学校与教育发达地区的学校合作,建立了远程同步智能课堂。2018年,百度教育大脑在云南山区落地,开放百度AI能力和教育资源,为师生提供了软硬件一体的AI助教等工具。此类应用让山区的孩子也能享受到优质的教育资源,促进了教育公平。
毫无疑问,AI介入教育必然会对传统教育模式产生很大的改变,对教育产业赋能,让教育方式更加合理,教育资源更加公平,所以“AI+教育”模式必然是未来的发展趋势。
但从业者和资本同时也应该看到,“AI+教育”可应用的范围其实是相当广阔的,入局者不该一味只求利益,道德与责任感会让他们发现这一领域中更为广阔的空间,找到真正立足于这个领域的点,而不是跟风般地都挤在某条赛道上,那样不仅无法获得成功,还极可能使整个行业的发展方向“跑偏”。
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